Jun 23, · This paper provides an important look at how Critical Race Theory has been used in education in the United States already and how it could be taken further. In that sense, it gives a clear window into the aspect of Critical Race Theory that is deeply Setting Theory, Equity Theory and many others. In this paper the focus will be on the Expectancy Theory of Motivation which was propounded by Victor Vroom. It is one of the Process Theories of motivation. According to Stephan Robbins Expectancy Theory is a A white paper prepared for the John Templeton Foundation by the Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkeley May The Science of Gratitude Written by Summer Allen, Ph.D. their personal well-being and in the well-being of their relationship than did partners who had conversations disclosing something personal
The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.
Numismatics portal. A chequeor check American English ; see spelling differencesis a document that orders a bank personal theory paper credit union to pay a specific amount of money from a person's account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.
The person writing the cheque, known as the drawerhas a transaction banking account often called a current, cheque, chequing, personal theory paper, checking, or share draft account where the money is held. The drawer writes the various details including the monetary amount, date, personal theory paper, and a payee on the cheque, and signs it, ordering their bank, known as the draweeto pay that person or company the amount of money stated.
Definition of a cheque as per The National Provincial Bank circa was "an unconditional order in writing drawn on a Banker, signed by the drawer, instructing the Banker to pay on demand a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to Bearer and which does not order any act to be done in addition to the payment of money".
Although forms of cheques have been in use since ancient times and at least since the 9th century, it was during the 20th century that cheques became a highly popular non- cash method for making payments and the usage of cheques peaked, personal theory paper.
By the second half of the 20th century, as cheque processing became automated, billions of cheques were issued annually; these volumes peaked in or around the early s.
In an increasing number of countries cheques have either become a marginal payment system or have been completely phased out. A cheque is a negotiable instrument instructing a financial institution to pay a specific amount of a specific currency from a specified transactional account held in the drawer's name with that institution.
Both the drawer and payee may be natural persons or legal entities. Cheques are order instrumentsand are not in general payable simply to the bearer as bearer instruments are, but must be paid to the payee. In some countries, such as the US, the payee may endorse the cheque, allowing personal theory paper to specify a third party to whom it should be paid.
Cheques are a type of bill of exchange that were developed as a way to make payments without the need to carry large amounts of money. Paper money evolved from promissory notesanother form of negotiable instrument similar to personal theory paper in that they were originally a written order to pay the given amount to whoever had it in their possession the " bearer ".
The spellings checkchecqueand cheque were used interchangeably from the 17th century until the 20th century. Check is the original spelling. In American Englishthe usual spelling for both is check. Etymological dictionaries attribute the financial meaning to come from "a check against forgery", with the use of "check" to mean "control" stemming from a check in chessa term which came into English through French, personal theory paper, Latin, Arabic and ultimately from the Persian word shahor " king ".
The cheque personal theory paper its origins in the ancient banking system, in which bankers would issue orders at the request of their customers, to pay money to identified payees. Such an personal theory paper was referred to as a bill of exchange, personal theory paper. The use of bills of exchange facilitated trade by eliminating the need for merchants to carry large quantities of currency for example, personal theory paper, gold to purchase goods and services.
There is early evidence of using cheques. In India, personal theory paper, during the Maurya Empire from to BCpersonal theory paper, a commercial instrument called the adesha was in use, which was an order on a banker desiring him to pay the money of the note to a third person.
The ancient Romans are believed to have used an early form of cheque known as praescriptiones in the 1st century BC. Beginning in the third century AD, banks in Persian territory began to issue letters of credit. In the ninth century, a merchant in one country could cash a sakk drawn on his bank in another country. Ibn Hawqal in the 10th century, quotes the use of personal theory paper cheque worth 42, dinars in the Ghana Empire. In the 13th century in Venice the bill of exchange was developed as a legal device to allow international trade without the need to carry large amounts of gold and silver.
Their use subsequently spread personal theory paper other European countries. In the early s in the Dutch Republicto protect large accumulations of cash, people began depositing their money with "cashiers", personal theory paper. These cashiers held the money for a fee. Competition drove cashiers to offer additional services including paying money to any person bearing a written order from a depositor to do so. They kept the note as proof of payment.
This concept went on to spread to England and elsewhere. By the 17th century, bills of exchange were being used for domestic payments in England. Cheques, a type of bill of exchange, then began to evolve.
Initially, they were called drawn notesbecause they enabled a customer to draw on the funds that he or she had in the account with a bank and required immediate payment.
These were handwritten, and one of the earliest known still to be in existence was drawn on Messrs Morris and Clayton, scriveners and bankers based in the City of Londonand dated 16 February Inthe Bank of England pioneered the first use of a pre-printed form.
These forms were printed on "cheque paper" to prevent fraud, and personal theory paper had to attend in person and obtain a numbered form from the cashier. Once written, the cheque was brought back to the bank for settlement. The suppression of banknotes in eighteenth-century England further promoted the use of cheques. Until aboutan informal exchange of cheques took place between London banks.
Clerks of each bank visited all the other banks to exchange cheques while keeping a tally of balances between them until they settled with each other.
Daily cheque clearing began around when the bank clerks met at the Five Bells, a tavern in Lombard Street in the City of London, to exchange all their cheques in one place and settle the balances in cash. This was the first bankers' clearing house.
Provincial clearinghouses were established in major cities throughout the UK to facilitate the clearing of cheques on banks in the same town. Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Hull, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, personal theory paper, Sheffield, and Southampton all had their own clearinghouses.
In America, the Bank of New York began issuing cheques after its establishment by Alexander Hamilton in The documents are in some ways similar to modern-day checks, with some data pre-printed on sheets of paper alongside blank spaces for where other information could be hand-written as needed.
It is thought that the Commercial Bank of Scotland was the first bank to personalize its customers' cheques, inby printing the name of the account holder vertically along the left-hand edge, personal theory paper. In the Bank of England introduced books of 50,and forms and counterparts, bound or stitched. These cheque books became a common format for the distribution of cheques to bank customers. In the late 19th century, several countries formalized laws regarding cheques.
The UK passed the Bills of Exchange Personal theory paperand India passed the Negotiable Instruments Act, personal theory paper, ; [22] which both covered cheques. Inan attempt was made to simplify the international use of cheques by personal theory paper Geneva Convention on the Unification of the Law Relating to Cheques, personal theory paper.
However, countries including the US and members of the British Commonwealth did not participate and so it remained very difficult for cheques to be used across country borders. In a standard for machine-readable characters MICR was agreed upon and patented in the US for use with cheques. As automation increased, the following years saw a dramatic change in the way in which cheques were handled and processed.
Cheque volumes continued to grow; in the late 20th century, cheques were the most popular non- cash method for making payments, with billions of them processed each year. Most countries saw cheque volumes peak in the late s or early s, after which electronic payment methods became more popular and the use of cheques declined. In cheque guarantee cards were introduced in several countries, allowing a retailer to confirm that a cheque would be honored when used at a point of sale.
The drawer would sign the cheque in front of the retailer, who would compare the signature to the signature on the card and then write the cheque-guarantee-card number on the back of the cheque. Such cards were generally phased out and replaced by debit cardspersonal theory paper in the mids, personal theory paper. From the mids, many countries enacted laws to allow for cheque truncationin which a physical cheque is converted into electronic form for transmission to the paying bank or clearing-house, personal theory paper.
This eliminates the cumbersome personal theory paper presentation and saves time and processing personal theory paper. Inthe Eurocheque system was phased out and replaced with domestic clearing systems, personal theory paper.
Old Eurocheques could still be used, but they were now processed by national clearing systems. At that time, several countries took the opportunity to phase out the use of cheques altogether.
As ofmany countries have either phased out the use of cheques altogether or signaled that they would do so in the future. As cheque usage increased during the 19th and 20th centuries, additional items were added to increase security or to make processing easier for the financial institution. A signature of the drawer was required to authorize the cheque, and this is the main way to authenticate the cheque.
Second, it became customary to write the amount in words as well as in numbers to avoid mistakes and make it harder to fraudulently alter the amount after the cheque had been written.
It is not a legal requirement to write the amount in words, although some banks will refuse to accept cheques that do not have the amount in both numbers and words. An issue date was added, and cheques may become invalid a certain amount of time after issue. In the US [24] and Canada [25] a cheque is typically valid for six months after the date of issue, after which it is a stale-dated chequebut this depends on where the cheque is drawn. In Australia a cheque is typically valid for fifteen months of the cheque date.
In some countries writing a post dated cheque may simply be ignored or is illegal, personal theory paper. Conversely, an antedated cheque has an issue date in the past.
A cheque number was added and cheque books were issued so that cheque numbers were sequential, personal theory paper. This allowed for some basic fraud detection by banks and made sure one cheque was not presented twice. In some countries, such as the US, cheques may contain a memo line where the purpose of the cheque can be indicated as a convenience without affecting the official parts of the cheque. In the United Kingdom a memo line is not available and such notes may be written on the reverse side of the cheque.
In the US, at the top when cheque oriented vertically of the reverse side of the cheque, there are usually one or more blank lines labelled something like "Endorse here". Starting in the s, machine-readable routing and account information was added to the bottom of cheques in MICR format, which allowed automated sorting and routing of cheques between banks and led to automated central clearing facilities. The information provided at the bottom of the cheque is country-specific and standards are set by each country's cheque clearing system.
This means that the payee no longer has to go to the bank that issued the cheque, they can instead deposit it at their own bank or any other bank and the cheque would be routed back to the originating bank, and funds transferred to their own bank account. Intrusion into the MICR area can cause problems when the cheque runs through the clearinghouse, requiring someone to print an MICR cheque correction strip [28] and glue it to personal theory paper cheque.
Many new ATMs do not use deposit envelopes and actually scan the cheque at the time it is deposited and will reject [29] cheques due to handwriting incursion which interferes with reading the MICR.
This can cause considerable inconvenience as the depositor may have to wait days for the bank to be open and may have difficulty getting to the bank even when they are open; this can delay the availability of the portion of a deposit which their bank makes available immediately as well as the balance of the deposit. Terms of service for many mobile cell phone camera deposits also require the MICR section to be readable.
Not all of the MICR personal theory paper have been printed at the time the cheque is written, as additional characters will be printed later to encode the amount; thus a sloppy signature could obscure characters that will later be printed there, personal theory paper. Since MICR characters are no longer necessarily printed in magnetic ink and will be scanned by optical rather than magnetic means, the readers will be unable to distinguish pen ink from pre-printed magnetic ink; these changes allow cheques to be printed on ordinary home and office printers without requiring pre-printed cheque forms, allow ATM deposit capture, allow mobile depositsand facilitate electronic copies of cheques.
For additional protection, a cheque can be crossedwhich restricts the use of the cheque so that the funds must be paid into a bank account. The format and wording varies from country to country, but generally two parallel lines may be placed either vertically across the cheque or in the top left hand corner.
In addition the words 'or bearer' must not be used, or if pre-printed on the cheque must be crossed out on the payee line. If the cheque is crossed with the words 'Account Payee' or similar personal theory paper the cheque can only be paid into the bank account of the person initially named as the payee, personal theory paper, thus it cannot be endorsed to a different payee. Cheques sometimes include additional documents.
A page in a chequebook may consist of both the cheque itself and a stub or counterfoil — when the cheque is written, only the cheque itself is detached, and the stub is retained in the chequebook as a record of the cheque.
Personal Theory Paper Overview
, time: 4:14Cheque - Wikipedia
Each paper writer passes a series of grammar and vocabulary tests before joining our team. Anonymity. We care about the privacy of our clients and will never share your personal information with any third parties or persons. Free Turnitin Report Setting Theory, Equity Theory and many others. In this paper the focus will be on the Expectancy Theory of Motivation which was propounded by Victor Vroom. It is one of the Process Theories of motivation. According to Stephan Robbins Expectancy Theory is a Peer Commentary. Negative Self-Schemas and Cognitive Theory Irina V. Sokolova Rochester Institute of Technology This is a commentary on the paper titled "An Overview of Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression in Contemporary Literature," by Josiah P. Allen
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