Aug 26, · Biology is a discipline of science that deals with living organisms, and explores their functions, evolution, growth, and structure. There are many factors that point out the significance of biology, and it is essential to understand them before writing a biology blogger.com, as mentioned, biology is centered on everything that has to do with life Feb 11, · Background: Illegal drug usage among adolescents is a critical health problem. The Taiwanese government provides an accompanying volunteer program to prevent students who experiment with drugs from reusing them. An appropriate training program can improve volunteers’ abilities to assist students using drugs. Problem-solving, self-efficacy, and teamwork are critical The National Institute on Drug Abuse () has a useful booklet that contains research-based information about how to prevent abuse/addiction. Evidence also indicates persons with addiction are ill, just as persons with heart disease or kidney disease are ill (Roy & Miller, )
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Associate Professor, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, School of Nursing, Greensboro, drug abuse research paper, NC.
Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development, College of Science and Health, DePaul University, Chicago, IL. Addiction is defined as the need for and use of a habit-forming substance despite knowledge the substance is harmful.
Addicted persons experience tolerance more and more of the substance is required to achieve the same effect and in the absence of the drug, they experience withdrawal symptoms Merriam-Webster, Addictions of all kinds e.
While significant, however, these financial costs do not begin drug abuse research paper approach the personal costs to individuals and families who struggle with addiction. The Harm Reduction Coalition n.
aa national advocacy group for persons affected by drug use, has noted that social inequality affects persons from different groups in different ways, and works to insure even those with drug addictions have their rights honored, including the right to health care. Nurses and other health care professionals can play a vital role in the care of persons with addiction. When persons with addiction are approached by providers with disdain and rejection, no matter how subtly, they may reject the care offered by these providers.
In fact, negative behaviors such as these may result in a missed opportunity for the addicted person to learn about important treatments. In this article, the science of addiction will be reviewed, with discussion of how nurses can be helpful to persons with addiction by taking a compassionate approach to their care.
Although addiction is influenced drug abuse research paper environmental, genetic, and behavioral attributes, after initial exposure to a substance, addiction is driven by neurochemical changes in the brain that occur as a result of substance exposure Kreek et al. Thus, once a person is addicted, the person's brain and its natural functions are affected markedly by drugs and the desire to obtain them Ersche et al. Addiction results in organ function changes similar to other chronic diseases.
Addiction affects the circuitry of the brain in many ways, including drug abuse research paper circuits involving reward, memory, drug abuse research paper, learning, motivation, motor activity, and the ability to inhibit behavior. Addictions also affect several neurotransmitter pathways e. With proper care, many addicted persons can be treated successfully National Institute on Drug Abuse drug abuse research paper,but some persons may struggle with their addiction throughout life Markel, The majority of addicted persons began their illness trajectory in adolescence.
Adolescents' brains react differently to substances than do adults' brains. Also, individuals differ in their susceptibility to drug addictions, drug abuse research paper. A person's environment and level of development are also important factors. Adolescents are more apt to engage in risk-taking behaviors, including experimenting with drugs, and thus experience marked risk for addiction NIDA, Addiction is often an emotional and uncomfortable topic for health care providers.
Even popular media sometimes portray drug abuse research paper individuals negatively. Persons who struggle with addiction often are depicted as criminals or prostitutes, weak, lazy, and morally corrupt. Current society stigmatizes addiction, and nurses are susceptible to the same ways of thinking about drug abuse research paper with addiction. Howard and Chung a ; b reviewed 30 years of research on nurses' attitudes toward persons with addiction, drug abuse research paper.
While some improvement had occurred over time, many nurses still held negative views of individuals who abuse substances. In fact, nurses were more judgmental than were other health care workers.
In a study of nurses in the United Kingdom, Monks, Topping, and Newell found most of the interviewed nurses drug abuse research paper negative views of injection drug users, drug abuse research paper. Hamdan-Mansour, Mahmoud, Asqalan, drug abuse research paper, Alhasanat, and Alshibi found nurses in emergency departments in Jordan had negative attitudes toward individual behaviors they interpreted as being feigned in order to obtain drugs also known as drug-seeking behavior.
In general, negative attitudes of health care providers have a negative impact on the care these patients receive Brener et al.
b encourages a nonjudgmental attitude on the part of the care provider as the best approach when working with persons with addiction and also as a way to help affected persons avoid harm from their addiction. Replacing negative attitudes with evidence-based interventions to treat persons with addiction is key in helping them achieve the highest level of health possible. However, drug abuse research paper, even among trained substance abuse counselors, resistance is evident to adoption of evidence-based practices in the treatment of persons with addiction.
According to Antondrug abuse research paper, recognizing addiction as a disease much like diabetes or asthma is the only way addictions and its sequelae will be addressed adequately, with more effective treatment approaches or even cures found. A person with an addiction can recover if given the proper care and treatment, but an addicted person is unlikely to recover alone NIDA, Nurses also can give persons with addiction information about hepatitis A and B transmission, symptoms, course of the illnesses, need for vaccinesand identify any sources where persons at high risk may obtain vaccines at no cost.
Most injection drug users know not to share syringes, but they do not know the HCV can live outside the drug abuse research paper and remain infectious for up to 4 days CDC, This knowledge can help addicted persons drug abuse research paper they should not share supplies e.
Nurses can provide information about basic wound care, overdose prevention, intervention in case of overdose, phlebotomy skills, and sexual health and human immunodeficiency virus prevention strategies. In the community of persons with addiction, many myths exist about what to do in case of an overdose.
Some of these are potentially dangerous. Providing accurate information about response to overdose could save lives. Teaching basic phlebotomy skills may help persons with addiction because they may not know simple anatomy, such as the difference between veins and arteries, and what to do in case an artery is accessed with a needle.
Providing basic knowledge to persons with addiction could not only help these persons more safely use their drug of choice, but could help in the development of a trusting relationship that might lead the person to seek help to overcome the addiction.
Persons with addiction also need information on how to dispose of syringes and other drug administration items safely. Lack of information not only puts these individuals at risk, but also others. These suggestions come from a harm reduction perspective Harm Reduction Coalition, n. Through therapeutic communication with a trained counselor, the addicted person is guided to identify the problem and make decisions about goals for the future.
The focus is not on convincing the person to follow a particular course, but rather to examine the consequences of current behaviors and potential behavior changes Smedslund et al. Even though persons with an addiction drug abuse research paper not be ready to seek treatment, nurses and other health care providers can offer information about self-help groups e.
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuseself-help groups can be very useful to the person recovering from addiction by adding to the effects of other professional treatment programs. These groups provide support to the recovering person, promoting abstinence and other aspects of healthy living, drug abuse research paper.
Even if the person is not prepared to embrace any drug abuse research paper the options when information about potential treatment is presented, the authors' experience indicates the person will have at least some knowledge of treatment for potential use at a time when he or she is more amenable. Toward that end, nurses in all settings should have access to a list of potential local treatment options to provide to persons with addiction.
When a person with addiction perceives a care provider is negatively judgmental, he or she may react in angry and hostile ways that are helpful to neither of them. To help avoid anger and hostility, conversations between addicts and nurses must start with compassion and care. Individuals with addiction may react with less hostility if they do not believe they have to defend themselves.
According to Monks and colleagueslack of knowledge by nurses about addiction and their negative attitudes toward addicted persons perpetuates poor care given by nurses to persons with addiction. Some nurses may feel uncomfortable with helping a client live an addicted life. Assisting someone to manage the effects of addiction in the healthiest way possible can seem to be abdication of the health-promoting responsibility of the nurse, drug abuse research paper.
However, nursing practice acts such as those in North Carolina North Carolina Nursing Practice Act,New York New York State Education Department,and California California Board of Registered Nursing, generally allow the nurse to perform health counseling and teaching to assist all clients toward an optimum state of health.
When nurses care for addicted persons with care and compassion, they help these clients live as healthy a life as possible given their circumstances and the life choices they have made. Although a nurse would not suggest a patient use illegal drugs, teaching him or her to reduce the adverse health effects of this practice and avoid spreading infection would not violate ethical standards or nursing laws.
For example, in a supervised injection facility in Canada, while clients inject themselves with drugs, nurses do health teaching in an effort to reduce the harm that could come with this behavior.
The nurses take the opportunity to promote health services and addiction treatment to clients Lightfoot et al. While many cities in other countries have safe injection facilities, and efforts to open them in San Francisco and New York began several years ago, there are no such facilities in the United States Drug Policy Alliance, Nurses often provide care in this way for other patient groups.
For example, smoking cigarettes during pregnancy is known to be harmful to the fetus. In addition, exposing a newborn to secondhand smoke increases the likelihood of neonatal illness and death American Cancer Society, Drug abuse research paper, if a pregnant woman or new mother refuses to stop smoking cigarettes, nurses do not refuse to treat her.
Instead, they may discuss reducing the number of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy, drug abuse research paper, not smoking in the house or car with the baby, and keeping cigarettes out of children's reach. Although the ultimate goal is smoking cessation, nurses treat the woman as she is and help her to make the best possible health choices until she is able to overcome her addiction.
The authors suggest the same practices may be useful when working with persons who are addicted to drugs and alcohol. Regardless of how or why an addiction begins, nurses in medical-surgical settings often find themselves caring for patients who have an addiction and co-morbid medical or psychiatric problems, drug abuse research paper.
These nurses often have not had sufficient education about addiction and its treatment Monks et al. Persons with addiction are typically more immune-compromised and have poorer nutritional and hydration status than those without addiction. Addicted persons also often are reluctant to seek health care, so they present to a health care facility with more advanced illness. Patient self-esteem and treatment outcomes are affected negatively by negative attitudes of health care providers van Boekal et al.
For example, addicts may leave hospitals without completing treatment because they are denied medications that could help them through the withdrawal process Monks et al, drug abuse research paper.
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuseeffective treatment of persons with addiction requires treatment of the whole person. Medications are an effective component of treatment for some substances; behavioral therapies are also important because they can help addicted persons stay in treatment longer.
Finally proper social services are a key element. No single effective treatment plan exists drug abuse research paper all addicted persons, and entering treatment on multiple occasions may be required for ultimate successful rehabilitation.
When a person is in treatment, he or she needs to be treated holistically; that is, other problems must be addressed as well as the addiction, drug abuse research paper. For example, high co-morbidity exists between addiction and mental illness. Because relapse is a common problem for addicts, health care providers need to be alert to signs of relapse and ready to offer resources for treatment. Persons struggling with addiction its need nonjudgmental care from health care providers in order to help them reduce their risk of harm associated with their addiction Harm Reduction Coalition, n.
Because nurses have more face-to-face interactions with patients in many treatment settings than any other health care provider, they are in a unique position to affect the health and well-being of persons with drug and alcohol addiction in a positive way. However, drug abuse research paper, they must have knowledge about addiction and the treatment in order to be effective caregivers Psychiatric Mental Health Substance Abuse Essential Competencies Task Force, While being nonjudgmental and treating affected persons with kindness and compassion will not save all of them from harm, it could help many who flounder.
The science behind addiction is explored. Strategies for nurses to use in caring for persons with addiction are provided. Drug abuse research paper reduction for persons with addiction is described, and ways nurses can provide care from this perspective are explored.
Thanks to Elizabeth Tornquist for editing a draft of this manuscript.
What is Substance Use and Abuse, Teen
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Feb 11, · Background: Illegal drug usage among adolescents is a critical health problem. The Taiwanese government provides an accompanying volunteer program to prevent students who experiment with drugs from reusing them. An appropriate training program can improve volunteers’ abilities to assist students using drugs. Problem-solving, self-efficacy, and teamwork are critical Aug 26, · Biology is a discipline of science that deals with living organisms, and explores their functions, evolution, growth, and structure. There are many factors that point out the significance of biology, and it is essential to understand them before writing a biology blogger.com, as mentioned, biology is centered on everything that has to do with life We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow blogger.com more
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