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Underwater searches - Wikipedia
Underwater searches are procedures to find a known or suspected target object or objects in a specified search area under water. They may be carried out underwater by divers, manned submersiblesremotely operated underwater vehiclesor autonomous underwater vehiclesor from the surface by other agents, including surface vessels, aircraft and cadaver dogs. A search method attempts to provide full coverage of the search area.
This is greatly influenced by the width of the sweep which largely depends on the method used to detect the target. For divers in conditions of zero visibility this is as far as the diver can feel with his hands while proceeding along the pattern. When visibility is better, it depends on the distance at which the target can be seen from the pattern, or detected by sonar or magnetic field anomalies. In all cases the search pattern should completely cover the search area without excessive redundancy or missed areas, diver resume.
Overlap is needed to compensate for inaccuracy diver resume sensor error, and may be necessary to avoid gaps in some patterns. Diver searches are underwater searches carried out by divers. There are a number of techniques in general use by Commercial, Diver resume, Public service, Militaryand Recreational divers. Some of these are suitable for Scubadiver resume, and some for surface supplied diving. The choice of search technique will depend on logistical factors, terrain, protocol and diver skills.
this is greatly influenced by the width of the sweep. In conditions of zero visibility this is as far as the diver can feel with his hands while proceeding along the pattern. When visibility is better, diver resume, it depends on the distance at which the target can be seen from the pattern. In all cases then, the pattern should be accurate and completely cover the search area without excessive redundancy or missed areas.
Overlap is needed to compensate for inaccuracy, and may be necessary to avoid gaps in some patterns. An underwater circular search is a procedure conducted by a diver swimming at a series of distances radii around a fixed reference point, diver resume. The circular search is simple and requires little equipment.
It is useful where the position of the objects of the search is known with reasonable accuracy. The general procedure is to start from a fixed central point, and to search the circumference diver resume a circle where the radius is defined by a search line anchored at the central point. The radius of the circle is dependent on visibility, and is increased after each circle has been completed, by an amount which allows the diver to either see or feel an overlap between the current arc and the previous arc.
One end of the distance line is carried by the diver and the other is attached to the datum position by any appropriate method. clipped to the base of a shot line, pegged into the bottom, tied to a fixed diver resume on the bottom or held by another diver. The diver may tow a surface marker buoy if conditions allow, diver resume. The diver unreels a section of distance line appropriate to the visibility and mark his start position by a peg, loose marker, compass heading, or a pre-laid marker line extending outwards from the datum position.
Then, keeping the line taut, the diver swims in a circle with the line as radius, diver resume, searching diver resume or by feel until back at the start position, diver resume. He then unreels another section of line of the same length and repeats the procedure until he finds the object, runs into obstacles or runs out of line, air or time.
The amount of distance line increment for each sweep should allow some overlap of sweeps to avoid the risk of missing the target between sweeps. If a buddy is involved the most efficient place is alongside the controlling diver on the line, and the extension of distance line for each sweep can be roughly diver resume. Depending on the circumstances, control of the pattern may be from the surface, from a diver at the central point, or by the diver at the end of the search line, who would in that case control the search line reel.
In some cases a second diver can anchor himself diver resume the bottom and act as both the central point and line tender. The diver and diver resume tender communicate with each other using line pull signals. When the diver has completed a full revolution of the search, the tender signals the diver and advances another section of line so the search can be expanded further from the central point.
Another variation uses more diver resume one diver along the search line, diver resume. The divers are evenly spaced at a distance depending on visibility, and the increase in radius allows overlap of search area only for the innermost diver on the line. This variation becomes more difficult to coordinate with a larger number of divers, particularly in poor visibility. A major variation on the diver resume search is the pendulum searchalso known as the arc or fishtail search.
This is used when there is insufficient space to complete a circle, as when diver resume from the shore, or when the diver resume area is limited to a sector to one side of the control point, or there is a major obstruction limiting the extent of the searchable sector. Divers on surface supply may change direction at the end of each arc even when using a full ° pattern to avoid twisting the umbilical.
The pendulum search can also be done with more than one diver on the search line, but this requires considerable skill and co-ordination, particularly in low visibility, diver resume. Another variation is used where the target is large enough to snag the search line, diver resume, In this case the diver may go out to the full radius of the search area and make a single sweep, hoping to snag the target with the line.
If on his return to the start line or bearing, he finds he is closer to the centre point, he will swim back along the diver resume in the expectation of having snagged something. With some luck it will be the target of the search. If the target is not found by the time the search pattern has reached maximum convenient radius, diver resume, the centre point may be shifted and another search started.
This can be repeated as often as necessary, but the positions of the centre points must be chosen to allow the full search area to be covered, diver resume. This implies quite a lot of overlap, and the pattern is not efficient. The most efficient pattern uses an equilateral triangular grid, but this may have to be modified to suit the site.
Diver resume circular search is very popular as it does not require complicated setup and can be done by most divers without a great deal of special training. It is effective where the position of the target is known with reasonable accuracy, diver resume, where the bottom terrain diver resume not have major snags, and where the depth variation during each arc is acceptable.
Divers should be well trained in general diving skills before attempting this type of diver resume. The search diver is responsible for maintaining sufficient tension on the search line so the signals can be transmitted and received.
If a surface marker is used, slack in the line should be kept to a minimum to avoid entanglement. This is easiest if a reel is used to control the line, or alternatively the line should be buoyant, to keep it as far from the divers as possible, but buoyant lines will still tend to wrap around the shotline in the centre if there is enough slack. An underwater jackstay search is a procedure conducted by divers swimming along a search line - the jackstay.
The procedure for a search using two fixed jackstays and a movable search line is described: [3]. The distance between the fixed jackstays will depend on circumstances, but should not be so long that reliable overlapping of sweeps is prevented.
This will depend on the bottom diver resume. Two divers are generally used on this search system. Two heavy jackstays are laid parallel to each other across the bottom of the search area. A lighter movable jackstay is used to connect the fixed jackstays diver resume one end of the search area. This line is kept reasonably taut, but must not pull the fixed jackstays together. The divers start at opposite ends of the movable jackstay and swim along it, each diver holding the line with his left hand or right, but both must use the same hand to keep them on opposite sides of the line and searching the bottom visually or by feel on his side of the line until he passes the other diver and reaches diver resume other fixed jackstay, at which point he will signal to the other diver that he has reached this point by a pull signal on the movable jackstay.
When both divers are at the fixed jackstays they will shift the movable jackstay along the fixed jackstays by an agreed distance depending on conditions. The distance should be large enough to reduce excessive overlap, but small enough that there is no risk of missing the target between traverses. This usually means that the distance is between the reach of the divers searching by feel in low visibility, and the distance they can see to the sides plus width of the target in good visibility.
Care must be taken to always shift the movable jackstay in the same direction. This can be easily confused in low visibility, so a compass can be used to prevent this problem. The divers then repeat this process until they find the object or run out of fixed jackstay, time or air. When a diver finds the object he should signal this to the other diver by rope pulls. The second diver can join him to confirm the finding and mark it or continue the search, diver resume.
If the movable jackstay snags it should be freed by the divers as the pass the snag. The sweep may have to be repeated after freeing a snag. The method of attaching the movable jackstay should be easily adjustable, but reliable, diver resume. If a series of sweeps does not find the object, diver resume, one of the fixed jackstays may be lifted and re-laid on the opposite side of the remaining one, and the process repeated until the target is found or the diver resume search area has been searched.
When they reach the end of the line in diver resume water, the surface team advance the jackstay by an appropriate amount by lifting it, moving it parallel to the original diver resume and laying it down again, at which stage the divers make another sweep, diver resume.
This is repeated as often as necessary, diver resume. Another method, diver resume, sometimes called a "J" search, and suitable for a solo diver, involves the diver or divers starting at the same end of diver resume search line, which is similarly set along the edge of the search area, diver resume. The two divers swim together, one on each side of the line, thereby searching the area immediately to either side of the line. Once they have completed the sweep, they reset the end of the line a few meters further into the search area, so that the line now runs at a slight angle to its original course.
They then sweep back along the line, either searching much of the same ground over again, or simply returning to the start point, diver resume. Once they reach the start point, they then move the other end of the line a few meters further into the search area so that the line is once again parallel to its original position. They repeat this pattern until the object of the search is located, or until they cover the entire search area. This second method is longer and slower, and is used more frequently either in extremely limited visibility, where the divers do not wish to lose contact with each diver resume, or where the object diver resume is particularly small, and they wish to run the pattern twice, once from each side, in case the object is masked by a larger object on the sea bed when approach from one side, and particularly where only one diver is available to do the search.
Divers should be well trained before attempting this type of search. Solo diver resume should be used only when a risk assessment indicates that the risks are acceptable, and preferably should indicate their position with a surface marker or be in communication with the surface by line or voice. When the object of the search is large enough and of suitable form to snag a dragged line, a snag-line may be used to speed up the process.
The snag-line may be used with a pair of fixed jackstays or as a distance line for a circular search, diver resume. It is often a weighted line, though there may be times when this is not required, diver resume. The snag-line is held taut by the diver or divers, who will then drag it along the diver resume as they either follow the jackstays or swim the arc until it hooks on something.
When this happens the divers diver resume their snag-line ends in position by tying them to the jackstays or pegging to the ground and swim along the diver resume to identify the target, Diver resume it is the object of the search, they will mark it, otherwise they free the line, move it over the target, return to their ends and continue the sweep. An underwater spiral box search is a search procedure conducted by a diver swimming around a starting point on a pattern based on compass directions and increasing distances.
The pattern resembles an outward spiral with straight sides and equal distances between legs swum on the same bearing. The legs are normally swum with 90 degree change in direction between them, diver resume, and very often the cardinal directions are diver resume for ease of navigation.
The spiral may be clockwise or anticlockwise, and in theory there is no limit to the area which can be covered. In practice, the diver may encounter an obstacle such as the shore, or will run out of air or energy, which will terminate the pattern, diver resume. Finding a specified target would also result in the termination of the search in most cases, diver resume. The technique diver resume to start at the estimated position of the target, diver resume a distance above the bottom to provide the best view, and to swim in diver resume cardinal direction a distance roughly equal to or slightly greater than the visibility range.
The estimate of distance is commonly by kick counts, so using a whole number of kicks diver resume necessary, and preferably a number which can be mentally accumulated by the diver.
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